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{"id":1316,"date":"2012-04-29T19:06:00","date_gmt":"2012-04-29T23:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/leandresz.com\/?page_id=1316"},"modified":"2012-06-09T16:37:12","modified_gmt":"2012-06-09T20:37:12","slug":"dietrichbonhoeffer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/syrieix.com\/en\/vie-chretienne\/saints\/dietrichbonhoeffer\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:fr-->Dietrich Bonhoeffer<!--:--><!--:en-->Dietrich Bonhoeffer<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<!--:fr--><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><dl id=\"attachment_1020\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 210px;\"><dt class=\"wp-caption-dt\"><a href=\"http:\/\/leandresz.com\/vie-chretienne\/saints\/dietrich-bonhoeffer\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1020\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1020 \" title=\"Dietrich Bonhoeffer\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/leandresz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-500x770.jpg?resize=200%2C300\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/syrieix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Dietrich-Bonhoeffer.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=200%2C300 400w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/syrieix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Dietrich-Bonhoeffer.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=200%2C300 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/dt><\/dl><\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Mort \u00e0 39 ans en tant que r\u00e9sistant au r\u00e9gime hitl\u00e9rien, Dietrich Bonhoeffer ne nous a l\u00e9gu\u00e9 qu\u2019une \u0153uvre fragmentaire. Depuis 1945, cette \u0153uvre a rayonn\u00e9 dans le monde entier et dans les milieux chr\u00e9tiens les plus divers, principalement \u00e0 cause de sa nouvelle interpr\u00e9tation du message chr\u00e9tien, interpr\u00e9tation adress\u00e9e \u00e0 un monde non-religieux devenu mature (m\u00fcndig). Cependant, on ne saurait com- prendre l\u2019\u0153uvre de Bonhoeffer sans tenir compte de son contexte biographique. N\u00e9 \u00e0 Breslau, Dietrich Bonhoeffer est is- su d\u2019une famille tr\u00e8s nombreuse de la grande bourgeoisie allemande. Il y resta attach\u00e9 durant toute sa vie. Lorsque Dietrich eut 6 ans, la famille d\u00e9m\u00e9nagea pour Berlin. La capitale allemande est sans aucun doute la ville qui marqua le plus profond\u00e9ment Bonhoeffer et sans laquelle sa biographie aurait eu une allure tout \u00e0 fait diff\u00e9rente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Apr\u00e8s des \u00e9tudes de th\u00e9ologie \u00e0 T\u00fcbin- gen, puis \u00e0 Berlin, Bonhoeffer se quali- fia, \u00e0 24 ans d\u00e9j\u00e0, pour l\u2019enseignement de la th\u00e9ologie syst\u00e9matique \u00e0 l\u2019Univer- sit\u00e9 de Berlin. Il y entama, \u00e0 partir de 1931, son activit\u00e9 d\u2019enseignant.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Mais Bonhoeffer ne se contenta pas d\u2019une activit\u00e9 acad\u00e9mique. Il y allia, et cela le caract\u00e9rise, un engagement pas- toral, d\u2019abord comme aum\u00f4nier des \u00e9tu- diants \u00e0 l\u2019Ecole polytechnique de Berlin (\u00e0 partir de 1931), puis comme animateur d\u2019un groupe de jeunes confirmands dans un quartier prol\u00e9taire de la capitale, en- fin comme pasteur de la paroisse protes- tante allemande de Londres, de 1933 \u00e0 1935. En outre, d\u00e8s 1931, il noua des contacts intenses avec le jeune mouve- ment \u0153cum\u00e9nique, limit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque aux Eglises issues de la R\u00e9forme.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong><em>Combat contre Hitler<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Lorsque Hitler fut nomm\u00e9 chancelier du Reich, fin janvier 1933, Dietrich Bon- hoeffer n\u2019avait que 27 ans. Pourtant, il \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 l\u2019une des t\u00eates pensantes de la r\u00e9sistance au sein de l\u2019Eglise \u00e9van- g\u00e9lique allemande. Il \u00e9tait d\u2019ailleurs pro- fond\u00e9ment li\u00e9 au fameux th\u00e9ologien pro- testant suisse Karl Barth, dont il avait fait la connaissance durant ses \u00e9tudes et qui sera expuls\u00e9 du Reich en 1935. Bonhoeffer combattit la mise au pas to- talitaire de l\u2019Eglise \u00e9vang\u00e9lique et sur- tout l\u2019adoption du <em>paragraphe aryen <\/em>interdisant \u00e0 quiconque ayant du sang juif d\u2019exercer un minist\u00e8re public dans l\u2019Eglise. De plus, contrairement \u00e0 nom- bre de ses coll\u00e8gues th\u00e9ologiens, il s\u2019en- gagea d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but non seulement en faveur des juifs baptis\u00e9s, mais en fa- veur des juifs pers\u00e9cut\u00e9s tout court. On peut voir l\u00e0 la premi\u00e8re cons\u00e9quence politique directe de sa th\u00e9ologie.<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Dans le passage biblique, \u00ab Ouvre la bouche&#8230; pour la cause des humbles et des pauvres \u00bb (Pr 31,8), il reconnaissait \u00ab l\u2019exigence minimum de la Bible pour le temps actuel \u00bb. En 1935, d\u00e9j\u00e0, il formu- lait le dicton suivant : \u00ab Celui-l\u00e0 seul qui crie en faveur des juifs a le droit de chan- ter du gr\u00e9gorien. \u00bb Cet engagement ren- voie l\u00e0 encore \u00e0 un enracinement bio- graphique : Sabine, la s\u0153ur jumelle de Dietrich, avait \u00e9pous\u00e9 un juriste d\u2019ori- gine juive, Gerhard Leibholz ; en 1938, les deux durent s\u2019exiler en Angleterre. Bonhoeffer avait compris que face \u00e0 l\u2019Etat totalitaire et \u00e0 Hitler qui l\u2019incarnait, l\u2019Eglise ne pouvait se contenter d\u2019une activit\u00e9 purement caritative, non-poli- tique : \u00ab Si un fou, sur le Kurf\u00fcrstendamm [la grande avenue de Berlin], lance son auto sur le trottoir, je ne puis pas comme pasteur me contenter d\u2019enterrer les morts et de consoler les familles. Je dois, si je me trouve \u00e0 cet endroit, bondir et arra- cher le chauffeur \u00e0 son volant. \u00bb L\u2019engagement de Bonhoeffer suscita des controverses au sein de son Eglise. Les autorit\u00e9s officielles de la Deutsche Evan- gelische Kirche (tout comme les \u00e9v\u00eaques catholiques allemands, d\u2019ailleurs) \u00e9taient, dans leur majorit\u00e9, pr\u00eats \u00e0 collaborer avec le r\u00e9gime par souci d\u2019assurer la conti- nuit\u00e9 institutionnelle de l\u2019Eglise et de sa mission pastorale (une collaboration qui allait jusqu\u2019au <em>serment au F\u00fchrer). <\/em>En 1936, Bon- hoeffer fut donc d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 comme \u00ab pacifiste et en- nemi de l\u2019Etat \u00bb par l\u2019\u00e9v\u00ea- que Theodor Heckel, chef du service charg\u00e9 des relations ext\u00e9rieures de l\u2019Eglise allemande. Hec- kel recommanda la prise de mesures contre Bon- hoeffer afin de l\u2019emp\u00ea- cher \u00ab de continuer de former des th\u00e9ologiens allemands \u00bb. Ce faisant, l\u2019\u00e9v\u00eaque se r\u00e9- f\u00e9rait directement au Predigerseminar que Bonhoeffer, apr\u00e8s avoir d\u00e9finitive- ment renonc\u00e9 \u00e0 poursuivre sa carri\u00e8re universitaire, dirigea de 1935 \u00e0 1937, \u00e0 Finkenwalde, pr\u00e8s de Stettin. Finkenwalde \u00e9tait un des s\u00e9minaires cr\u00e9\u00e9s par l\u2019\u00ab Eglise confessante \u00bb pour pr\u00e9parer les \u00e9tudiants en th\u00e9ologie au minist\u00e8re de pasteur. Ce qui distinguait Finkenwalde des autres s\u00e9minaires, c\u2019\u00e9tait non seulement son orientation th\u00e9ologique, mais encore sa pratique de la vie communautaire entre ensei- gnants et \u00e9tudiants. Cela semblait presque r\u00e9volutionnaire dans le milieu protestant de l\u2019\u00e9poque (quelques ann\u00e9es plus tard, la communaut\u00e9 de Taiz\u00e9 sera fond\u00e9e par Roger Schutz).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Ces exp\u00e9riences de vie communautaire, auxquelles la Gestapo mit fin en 1937, se sont cristallis\u00e9es dans un petit livre dense et fort exigeant, \u00e9crit par Bon- hoeffer, paru en 1939 et intitul\u00e9 <em>De la vie communautaire <\/em>(traduction fran\u00e7aise de 1947). Ce n\u2019est pas par hasard si le th\u00e9ologien r\u00e9form\u00e9 Andr\u00e9 Dumas a pu \u00e9crire : \u00ab Pour moi, Bonhoeffer est le th\u00e9ologien de l\u2019Eglise. \u00bb<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong><em>R\u00e9sistance jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la mort<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Entre 1936 et 1941, les mesures r\u00e9pres- sives de l\u2019Etat nazi frapp\u00e8rent Bon- hoeffer de plus en plus durement : il fut exclu de l\u2019enseignement universitaire et n\u2019eut plus le droit de s\u2019exprimer en pu- blic ni de publier quoi que ce soit. D\u00e8s 1938, il entra en contact avec les milieux de la conspiration contre le r\u00e9gime nazi, par l\u2019entremise de son beau-fr\u00e8re Hans von Dohnanyi qui occupait un poste im- portant dans les services de contre- espionnage de l\u2019amiral Wilhelm Canaris. Le r\u00f4le de Bonhoeffer fut avant tout celui d\u2019un coursier : il entreprit toute une s\u00e9rie de voyages dans des pays neu- tres, comme la Su\u00e8de et la Suisse, afin d\u2019\u00e9tablir des contacts entre la r\u00e9sis- tance allemande et les forces alli\u00e9es, \u00e0 travers les relations \u0153cum\u00e9niques qu\u2019il entretenait depuis longtemps, surtout avec l\u2019\u00e9v\u00eaque anglican George Bell. Mal- heureusement, ce dernier ne put amener le Foreign Office \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre les cons- pirateurs allemands.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/leandresz.com\/vie-chretienne\/saints\/dietrichbonhoeffer\/bonhoeffer\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1898\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1898\" title=\"bonhoeffer\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/leandresz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/bonhoeffer.jpg?resize=200%2C222\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"222\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a>Le chemin qui mena Dietrich Bonhoef- fer \u00e0 la r\u00e9sistance politique et \u00e0 la cons- piration qui n\u2019excluait pas le tyranni- cide ni le sacrifice de sa propre vie n\u2019\u00e9tait pourtant pas trac\u00e9 d\u2019avance. Bonhoef- fer v\u00e9cut un long processus, travers\u00e9 d\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9, de doutes et de tergiver- sations, avant d\u2019aboutir \u00e0 une certitude sereine. Ainsi, en \u00e9t\u00e9 1939, suite \u00e0 une invitation, il s\u2019\u00e9tait rendu aux Etats-Unis pour y enseigner ; quelques semaines plus tard, il fit marche arri\u00e8re : \u00ab J\u2019ai com- mis une erreur en voyageant en Am\u00e9ri- que. Je dois traverser cette p\u00e9riode diffi- cile de notre histoire nationale avec les chr\u00e9tiens d\u2019Allemagne. Je n\u2019aurai pas le droit de participer \u00e0 la reconstruction de la vie chr\u00e9tienne en Allemagne apr\u00e8s la guerre si je ne partage pas les \u00e9preuves du temps pr\u00e9sent avec mon peuple. \u00bb En avril 1943, Bonhoeffer fut arr\u00eat\u00e9 &#8211; il venait de se fiancer en janvier avec Maria von Wedemeyer. D\u00e9tenu dans la prison militaire de Berlin, il attendit en vain, plus d\u2019une ann\u00e9e, son proc\u00e8s. Apr\u00e8s l\u2019attentat avort\u00e9 de Stauffenberg contre Hitler (20 juillet 1944), les des- sous de cette tentative de coup d\u2019Etat apparurent progressivement au grand jour : Bonhoeffer fut mis en cause. Il fut d\u2019abord transf\u00e9r\u00e9 dans la tristement c\u00e9- l\u00e8bre prison de la Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse, \u00e0 Berlin. En f\u00e9vrier 1945, on le d\u00e9porta vers le camp de concentration de Bu- chenwald puis, d\u00e9but avril, vers celui de Flossenb\u00fcrg, en for\u00eat bavaroise. Sur ordre de Hitler, il fut jug\u00e9 par un tribunal S.S. et pendu le 9 avril 1945, un mois avant la fin de la guerre. (Dans ce m\u00eame mois, furent assassin\u00e9s un fr\u00e8re de Bonhoeffer, Klaus, et deux de ses beaux-fr\u00e8res, Hans von Dohnanyi et R\u00fcdiger Schleicher. Hitler se suicida le 30 avril.)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong><em>Sa correspondance<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">A part d\u2019autres ouvrages importants (Sanctorum <em>Communio, <\/em>1930 ; <em>Le prix de la gr\u00e2ce, <\/em>1937 ; <em>Ethique, <\/em>paru apr\u00e8s la mort de Bonhoeffer), ce sont surtout les lettres de sa d\u00e9tention des ann\u00e9es 1943 et 1944 qui ont fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 notre image du grand th\u00e9ologien et t\u00e9moin de la foi.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Eberhard Bethge, le meilleur ami de Bonhoeffer ainsi que son correspon- dant principal, son \u00e9diteur et son bio- graphe, a publi\u00e9 une premi\u00e8re \u00e9dition de ces textes en 1951. L\u2019\u00e9dition \u00e9largie de 1970 prouve encore davantage \u00ab l\u2019\u00e9troite association du th\u00e9ologique \u00e0 l\u2019humain \u00bb, selon l\u2019expression heureuse du th\u00e9ologien Gerhard Ebeling, associa- tion qui se fait sentir de fa\u00e7on \u00e9mou- vante dans cette collection rest\u00e9e frag- mentaire sous beaucoup d\u2019aspects, pour, par exemple, des raisons de cen- sure ou d\u2019interruptions dues aux aler- tes \u00e0 la bombe.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Il est \u00e9mouvant de voir dans quelle me- sure Dietrich Bonhoeffer ne cessa de consoler et d\u2019encourager ses correspon- dants, et ceci malgr\u00e9 la situation mena- c\u00e9e, voire d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9e, dans laquelle il se trouvait lui-m\u00eame. Ces lettres consti- tuent le t\u00e9moignage et le mod\u00e8le d\u2019une attention humaine et chr\u00e9tienne, une at- tention qui d\u2019ailleurs n\u2019\u00e9tait pas unique- ment consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 ses correspondants mais aussi aux autres d\u00e9tenus et m\u00eame au personnel de la prison.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong><em>Se remettre \u00c0 Dieu<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Apr\u00e8s l\u2019\u00e9chec de l\u2019attentat du 20 juillet 1944, Bonhoeffer se confronta de plus en plus \u00e0 la perspective de la mort. Le 28 juillet, il \u00e9crivit : \u00ab Ce n\u2019est pas l\u2019ac- tion seulement, mais aussi la souffran- ce, qui sont un chemin vers la libert\u00e9. Dans la souffrance, la lib\u00e9ration con- siste \u00e0 pouvoir faire passer sa cause de ses propres mains \u00e0 celles de Dieu. Dans ce sens, la mort est le couronne- ment de la libert\u00e9 de l\u2019homme. \u00bb<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/leandresz.com\/vie-chretienne\/saints\/dietrichbonhoeffer\/dietrich-bonhoffer\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1899\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1899\" title=\"Dietrich Bonhoffer\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/leandresz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Dietrich-Bonhoffer.jpg?resize=257%2C364\" alt=\"\" width=\"257\" height=\"364\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/syrieix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Dietrich-Bonhoffer.jpg?w=257&amp;ssl=1 257w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/syrieix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Dietrich-Bonhoffer.jpg?resize=200%2C283&amp;ssl=1 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 257px) 100vw, 257px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a>Cette vision de la libert\u00e9 se refl\u00e8te dans un souvenir que Bonhoeffer a relat\u00e9 dans une lettre du 21 juillet 1944. Le jeune pasteur fran\u00e7ais Jean Lasserre et lui- m\u00eame se seraient pos\u00e9s, en 1931, \u00ab tout simplement cette question : que vou- lons-nous faire de notre vie ? Il me dit : \u201cJ\u2019aimerais \u00eatre un saint\u201d&#8230; Cela m\u2019im- pressionna beaucoup alors. Pourtant je r\u00e9pliquai \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s : \u201cMoi, j\u2019aimerais apprendre \u00e0 croire\u201d. \u00bb Et Bonhoeffer de poursuivre : \u00ab Pendant longtemps, je n\u2019ai pas compris la profondeur du con- traste entre ces deux attitudes. \u00bb Et il conclut : \u00ab Quand on a renonc\u00e9 compl\u00e8- tement \u00e0 devenir quelqu\u2019un &#8211; un saint, ou un p\u00e9cheur converti, ou un homme d\u2019Eglise&#8230; un juste ou un injuste, un malade ou un bien-portant&#8230; -, alors on se met pleinement entre les mains de Dieu, on prend au s\u00e9rieux non ses pro- pres souffrances mais celles de Dieu dans le monde. \u00bb<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Cette attitude, Bonhoeffer la d\u00e9crivit dans la m\u00eame lettre en affirmant \u00ab que ce n\u2019est qu\u2019en vivant pleinement la vie terrestre qu\u2019on apprend \u00e0 croire \u00bb. C\u2019est \u00e0 cela qu\u2019est li\u00e9 le grand th\u00e8me que Bonhoeffer d\u00e9veloppa du temps de sa captivit\u00e9 dans une s\u00e9rie de lettres et qu\u2019il d\u00e9signa un jour comme \u00ab la reven- dication par J\u00e9sus-Christ du monde de- venu majeur \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Au sein de sa propre souffrance (les pen- s\u00e9es suicidaires ne lui \u00e9taient pas \u00e9tran- g\u00e8res), Dietrich Bonhoeffer a affirm\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re proph\u00e9tique que le message chr\u00e9tien ne doit pas atteindre l\u2019homme moderne en marge de sa vie, mais au centre de celle-ci. Pour cela, ce mes- sage doit \u00eatre formul\u00e9 dans un langage nouveau, \u00ab non-religieux \u00bb. Une t\u00e2che qui, me semble-t-il, reste toujours actuelle, malgr\u00e9 le retour apparent du ph\u00e9no- m\u00e8ne religieux.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><em>Pri\u00e8re de Dietrich bonhoeffer <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong>&#8221; Mon Dieu, je t\u2019appelle !<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong>Aide-moi \u00e0 prier et \u00e0 diriger vers toi mes pens\u00e9es.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong>Seul je ne le puis.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong>En moi r\u00e8gnent les t\u00e9n\u00e8bres, tandis qu\u2019aupr\u00e8s de toi, c\u2019est la lumi\u00e8re\u2026<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong>Je suis inquiet, mais aupr\u00e8s de toi, c\u2019est la paix.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong>Je suis amer, mais aupr\u00e8s de toi, c\u2019est la patience.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong>Je ne comprends pas toutes tes voies, mais tu connais la voie pour moi &#8220;.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong>Dietrich Bonhoeffer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>Voici un extrait bibliographique de la vie de ce Grand Homme :<\/p>\r\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Tbuv-4yUu9I\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"425\" height=\"350\"><\/iframe>\u00a0<\/p><!--:--><!--:en--><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><dl id=\"attachment_1020\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 210px;\"><dt class=\"wp-caption-dt\"><a href=\"http:\/\/leandresz.com\/vie-chretienne\/saints\/dietrich-bonhoeffer\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1020\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1020 \" title=\"Dietrich Bonhoeffer\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/leandresz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-500x770.jpg?resize=200%2C300\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/syrieix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Dietrich-Bonhoeffer.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=200%2C300 400w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/syrieix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Dietrich-Bonhoeffer.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=200%2C300 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/dt><\/dl><\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Dietrich Bonhoeffer was born in Breslau on February 4, 1906. Dietrich and his twin sister, Sabina, were two of eight children born to Karl and Paula (von Hase) Bonhoeffer. Karl Bonhoeffer, a professor of psychiatry and Neurology at Berlin University, was Germany\u2019s leading empirical psychologist. Dietrich received his doctorate from Berlin University in 1927, and lectured in the theological faculty during the early thirties. He was ordained a Lutheran pastor in 1931, and served two Lutheran congregations, St. Paul\u2019s and Sydenham, in London from 1933-35.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">In 1934, 2000 Lutheran pastors organized the Pastors\u2019 Emergency League in opposition to the state church controlled by the Nazis. This organization evolved into the Confessing Church, a free and independent protestant church. Bonhoeffer served as head of the Confessing Church\u2019s seminary at Finkenwalde. The activities of the Confessing Church were virtually outlawed and its five seminaries closed by the Nazis in 1937.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Bonhoeffer\u2019s active opposition to National Socialism in the thirties continued to escalate until his recruitment into the resistance in 1940. The core of the conspiracy to assassinate Adolph Hitler and overthrow the Third Reich was an elite group within the Abwehr (German Military Intelligence), which included, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, Head of Military Intelligence, General Hans Oster (who recruited Bonhoeffer), and Hans von Dohnanyi, who was married to Bonhoeffer\u2019s sister, Christine. All three were executed with Bonhoeffer on April 9, 1945. For their role in the conspiracy, the Nazis also executed Bonhoeffer\u2019s brother, Klaus, and a second brother-in-law, Rudiger Schleicher, on April 23, 1945, seven days before Hitler himself committed suicide on April 30.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Bonhoeffer\u2019s role in the conspiracy was one of courier and diplomat to the British government on behalf of the resistance, since Allied support was essential to stopping the war. Between trips abroad for the resistance, Bonhoeffer stayed at Ettal, a Benedictine monastery outside of Munich, where he worked on his book, <em>Ethics<\/em>, from 1940 until his arrest in 1943. Bonhoeffer, in effect, was formulating the ethical basis for when the performance of certain extreme actions, such as political assassination, were required of a morally responsible person, while at the same time attempting to overthrow the Third Reich in what everyone expected to be a very bloody coup d\u2019etat. This combination of action and thought surely qualifies as one of the more unique moments in intellectual history.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong><em>Ethics<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Bonhoeffer\u2019s critique of ethics results in a picture of an Aristotelian ethic that is Christological in expression, i.e., it shares much in common with a character-oriented morality, and at the same time it rests firmly on his Christology. For Bonhoeffer, the foundation of ethical behavior is how the reality of the world and how the reality of God are reconciled in the reality of Christ (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p. 198). To share in Christ\u2019s reality is to become a responsible person, a person who performs actions in accordance with reality and the fulfilled will of God (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.224). There are two guides for determining the will of God in any concrete situation: 1) the need of one\u2019s neighbor, and 2) the model of Jesus of Nazareth. There are no other guides, since Bonhoeffer denies that we can have knowledge of good and evil (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.231). There is no moral certainty in this world. There is no justification in advance for our conduct. Ultimately all actions must be delivered up to God for judgment, and no one can escape reliance upon God\u2019s mercy and grace. \u201cBefore God self-justification is quite simply sin\u201d (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.167).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/leandresz.com\/vie-chretienne\/saints\/dietrichbonhoeffer\/bonhoeffer\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1898\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1898\" title=\"bonhoeffer\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/leandresz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/bonhoeffer.jpg?resize=200%2C222\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"222\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a>Responsible action, in other words, is a highly risky venture. It makes no claims to objectivity or certainty. It is a free venture that cannot be justified in advance (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.249). But, nevertheless, it is how we participate in the reality of Christ, i.e., it is how we act in accordance with the will of God. The demand for responsible action in history is a demand no Christian can ignore. We are, accordingly, faced with the following dilemma: when assaulted by evil, we must oppose it directly. We have no other option. The failure to act is simply to condone evil. But it is also clear that we have no justification for preferring one response to evil over another. We seemingly could do anything with equal justification. Nevertheless, for Bonhoeffer, the reality of a demand for action without any (a priori) justification is just the moral reality we must face, if we want to be responsible people.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">There are four facets to Bonhoeffer\u2019s critique of ethics that should be noted immediately. First, ethical decisions make up a much smaller part of the social world for Bonhoeffer than they do for (say) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/kantmeta\/\">Kant<\/a> or <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/milljs\/\">Mill<\/a>. Principally he is interested only in those decisions that deal directly with the presence of vicious behavior, and often involve questions of life and death. Second, Bonhoeffer\u2019s own life serves as a case study for the viability of his views. Bonhoeffer is unique in this regard. His work on ethics began while he was actively involved in the German resistance to National Socialism and ended with his arrest in 1943. He fully expected that others would see his work in the conspiracy as intrinsically related to the plausibility of his ethical views. When it comes to ethics, Bonhoeffer noted, \u201c(i)t is not only what is said that matters, but also the man who says it\u201d (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.267).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Third, like <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/aristotl\/\">Aristotle<\/a>, Bonhoeffer stays as close to the actual phenomenon of making moral choices as possible. What we experience, when faced with a moral choice, is a highly concrete and unique situation. It may share much with other situations, but it is, nevertheless, a distinct situation involving its own particulars and peculiarities, not excluding the fact that we are making the decisions, and not Socrates or Joan of Ark.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">And finally, again like Aristotle, Bonhoeffer sees judgments of character and not action as fundamental to moral evaluation. Evil actions should be avoided, of course, but what needs to be avoided at all costs is the disposition to do evil as part of our character. \u201cWhat is worse than doing evil,\u201d Bonhoeffer notes, \u201cis being evil\u201d (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.67). To lie is wrong, but what is worse than the lie is the liar, for the liar contaminates everything he says, because everything he says is meant to further a cause that is false. The liar as liar has endorsed a world of falsehood and deception, and to focus only on the truth or falsity of his particular statements is to miss the danger of being caught up in his twisted world. This is why, as Bonhoeffer says, that \u201c(i)t is worse for a liar to tell the truth than for a lover of truth to lie\u201d (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.67). A falling away from righteousness is far worse that a failure of righteousness. To focus exclusively on the lie and not on the liar is a failure to confront evil.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Nevertheless, the central concern of traditional ethics remains: What is right conduct? What justifies doing one thing over another? For Bonhoeffer, there is no justification of actions in advance without criteria for good and evil, and this is not available (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.231). Neither future consequences nor past motives by themselves are sufficient to determine the moral value of actions. Consequences have the awkward consequence of continuing indefinitely into the future. If left unattended, this feature would make all moral judgments temporary or probationary, since none are immune to radical revision in the future. What makes a consequence relevant to making an action right is something other than the fact that it is a consequence. The same is true for past motives. One motive or mental attitude surely lies behind another. What makes one mental state and not an earlier state the ultimate ethical phenomenon is something other than the fact that it is a mental state. Since neither motives nor consequences have a fixed stopping point, both are doomed to failure as moral criteria. \u201cOn both sides,\u201d Bonhoeffer notes, \u201cthere are no fixed frontiers and nothing justifies us in calling a halt at some point which we ourselves have arbitrarily determined so that we may at last form a definite judgement\u201d (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.190). Without a reason for the relevance of specific motives or consequences, all moral judgments become hopelessly tentative and eternally incomplete.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/leandresz.com\/vie-chretienne\/saints\/dietrichbonhoeffer\/dietrich-bonhoffer\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1899\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1899\" title=\"Dietrich Bonhoffer\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/leandresz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Dietrich-Bonhoffer.jpg?resize=257%2C364\" alt=\"\" width=\"257\" height=\"364\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/syrieix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Dietrich-Bonhoffer.jpg?w=257&amp;ssl=1 257w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/syrieix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Dietrich-Bonhoffer.jpg?resize=200%2C283&amp;ssl=1 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 257px) 100vw, 257px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a>What is more, general principles have a tendency to reduce all behavior to ethical behavior. To act only for the greatest happiness of the greatest number, or to act only so that the maxim of an action can become a principle of legislation, become as relevant to haircuts as they do to manslaughter. All behavior becomes moral behavior, which drains all spontaneity and joy from life, since the smallest misstep now links your behavior with the worst crimes of your race, gender, or culture. Ethics cannot be reduced to a search for general principles without reducing all of the problems of life to a bleak, pedantic, and monotonous uniformity. The \u201cabundant fullness of life,\u201d is denied and with it \u201cthe very essence of the ethical itself\u201d (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.263).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Reliance on theory, in other words, is destructive to ethics, because it interferes with our ability to deal effectively with evil. Bonhoeffer asks us to consider six strategies, six postures people often strike or adopt when attempting to deal with real ethical situations involving evil and vicious people. Any of these postures or orientations could employ principles, laws, or duties from ethical theory. But, in the end, it makes little difference what principles they invoke. The ethical postures themselves are what make responsible action impossible. A resort to the dictates of reason, for example, demands that we be fair to all the details, facts, and people involved in any concrete moral situation (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.67). The reasonable person acts like a court of law, trying to be just to both sides of any dispute. In doing so, he or she ignores all questions of character, since all people are equal before the law, and it makes no difference who does what to whom. Thus, whenever it is in the interest of an evil person to tell the truth, the person of reason must reward him for doing so. The person of reason is helpless to do otherwise, and in the end is rejected by all, the good and the evil, and achieves nothing.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Likewise, Bonhoeffer argues, the enthusiasm of the moral fanatic or dogmatist is also ineffective for a similar reason. The fanatic believes that he or she can oppose the power of evil by a purity of will and a devotion to principles that forbid certain actions. Again, the concern is exclusively on action, and judgments of character are seen as secondary and derivative. But the richness and variety of actual, concrete situations generates questions upon questions for the application of any principle. Sooner or later, Bonhoeffer notes, the fanatic becomes entangled in non-essentials and petty details, and becomes prone to simple manipulation in the hands of evil (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.68).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><!--nextpage--><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">The man or woman of conscience presents an even stranger case. When faced with an inescapable ethical situation that demands action, the person of conscience experiences great turmoil and uncertainty. What the person of conscience is really seeking is peace of mind, or a return to the way things were, before everything erupted into moral chaos. Resolving the tensions is as important as doing the right thing. In fact, doing the right thing should resolve the conflicts and tensions or it is not the right thing. Consequently, people of conscience become prey to quick solutions, to actions of convenience, and to deception, because feeling good about themselves and their world is what matters ultimately. They fail completely to see, as Bonhoeffer notes, that a bad conscience, that disappointment and frustration over one\u2019s action, may be a much healthier and stronger state for their souls to experience than peace of mind and feelings of well being (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.68).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">An emphasis on freedom and private virtuousness are even less capable of dealing effectively with evil. What Bonhoeffer means by freedom is not coextensive with the theoretical freedom of the existential either\/or, where it makes no difference what we do, since we are all going to get it in the end anyway; nor is it the freedom of the positivist\u2019s personal preference or emotivism. No, freedom here means the freedom to make exceptions to general rules or principles. The free person is the person who has the where-with-all to ignore conscience, reputation, facts, and anything else in order to make the best arrangement possible under the circumstances. This is the freedom to act in any way necessary, even to do what is wrong, in order to avoid what is worse, e.g., avoiding war by being unjust to large numbers of people, and consequently failing to see that what he thinks is worse, may still be the better, failing to see that evil can never be satiated (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p. 69).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">On the other hand, the escape to a domain of private virtue is, perhaps, of all temptations the most dangerous to the Christian. This is a pulling back from the petty and vulgar affairs of the world in order to avoid being contaminated by evil. This monastic urge is rejected by Bonhoeffer, because for him there is no such thing as escaping your responsibility to act. When faced with evil, there is no middle path. You either oppose the persecution of the innocent or you share in it. No one can preserve his or her private virtue by turning away from the world (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.69).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Bonhoeffer\u2019s last category, duty, is perhaps the most important to him, because it is the most easily co-opted by evil; and again it makes no difference what laws we introduce to determine our duty. If a devotion to duty does not discriminate in terms of character, it will end up serving evil. \u201cThe man of duty,\u201d Bonhoeffer observes, \u201cwill end by having to fulfill his obligations even to the devil\u201d (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.69).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Bonhoeffer replaces philosophical ethics and its pursuit of criteria to justify action in advance with an ethics grounded in the emergence of Christ as reconciler. The cornerstone of Bonhoeffer\u2019s ethical world is a social\/moral realism. In any given context there is always a right thing to do. This reality is a direct result of his Christology. The reality of the sensible world, with all its variety, multiplicity, and concreteness, has been reconciled with the spiritual reality of God. These two radically divorced worlds have now been made compatible and consistent in the reality of Christ (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.195). Through Jesus the reality of God has entered the world (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.192). If an action is to have meaning, it must correspond to what is real. Since there is only the reality of Christ, Christ is the foundation of ethics. Any Christian who attempts to avoid falsehoods and meaninglessness in his or her life must act in accordance with this reality.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Furthermore, the sole guide for acting in accordance with this reality is the model of Jesus\u2019 selfless behavior in the New Testament. There are numerous dimensions to this model. First and foremost, your action can in no way be intended to reflect back on you, your character, or your reputation. You must, for the sake of the moment, unreservedly surrender all self-directed wishes and desires (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.232). It is the other, another person, that is the focus of attention, and not yourself. In ethical action, the left hand really must be unaware of what the right hand is doing if the right hand is to do anything ethical. If not, your so-called good action becomes contaminated and its moral nature altered.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Bonhoeffer illustrates this notion of selfless action by contrasting the behavior of Jesus in the New Testament to that of the Pharisee. The Pharisee \u201c\u2026is the man to whom only the knowledge of good and evil has come to be of importance in his entire life\u2026\u201d(<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.30). Every moment of his life is a moment where he must choose between good and evil (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.30). Every action, every judgment, no matter how small, is permeated with the choice of good and evil. He can confront no person without evaluating that person in terms of good and evil (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.31). For him, all judgments are moral judgments. No gesture is immune to moral condemnation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Jesus refuses to see the world in these terms. He lightly, almost cavalierly, casts aside many of the legal distinctions the Pharisee labors to maintain. He bids his disciples to eat on the Sabbath, even though starvation is hardly in question. He heals a woman on the Sabbath, although after eighteen years of illness she could seemingly wait a few more hours. Jesus exhibits a freedom from the law in everything he does, but nothing he does suggests all things are possible. There is nothing arbitrary about his behavior. There is, however, a simplicity and clarity. Unlike the Pharisee, he is unconcerned with the goodness or badness of those he helps, unconcerned with the personal moral worth of those he meets, talks to, dines with, or heals. He is concerned solely and entirely with the well being of another. He exhibits no other concern. He is the paradigm of selfless action, and the exact opposite of the Pharisee, whose every gesture is fundamentally self-reflective.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">The responsible person is, thus, a selfless person, who does God\u2019s will by serving the spiritual and material needs of another, since \u201c\u2026what is nearest to God is precisely the need of one\u2019s neighbor\u201d (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.136). The selfless model of Jesus is his or her only guide to responsible action. And second, the responsible person must not hesitate to act for fear of sin. Any attempt to avoid personal guilt, any attempt to preserve moral purity by withdrawing from conflicts is morally irresponsible. For Bonhoeffer, no one who lives in this world can remain disentangled and morally pure and free of guilt (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.244). We must not refuse to act on our neighbor\u2019s behalf, even violently, for fear of sin. To refuse to accept guilt and bear it for the sake of another has nothing to do with Christ or Christianity. \u201c(I)f I refuse to bear guilt for charity\u2019s sake,\u201d Bonhoeffer argues, \u201cthen my action is in contradiction to my responsibility which has its foundation in reality\u201d (<em>Ethics<\/em>, p.241). The risk of guilt generated by responsible action is great and cannot be mitigated in advance by self-justifying principles. There is no certainty in a world come of age. No one, in other words, can escape a complete dependency on the mercy and grace of God.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Here is an excerpt\u00a0from the life of\u00a0this\u00a0great man:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Tbuv-4yUu9I\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"425\" height=\"350\"><\/iframe>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><em>Prayer of Dietrich Bonhoeffer<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">O God, early in the morning I cry to you.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Help me to pray<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">And to concentrate my thoughts on you:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">I cannot do this alone.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">In me there is darkness,<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">But with you there is light;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">I am lonely, but you do not leave me;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">I am feeble in heart, but with you there is help;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">I am restless, but with you there is peace.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">In me there is bitterness, but with you there is patience;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">I do not understand your ways,<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">But you know the way for me\u2026<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Restore me to liberty,<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">And enable me to live now<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">That I may answer before you and before me.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Lord, whatever this day may bring,<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Your name be praised.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\"><strong>Dietrich Bonhoeffer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><em>References and Further Reading<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>All quotes from: Dietrich Bonhoeffer,\u00a0<em>Ethics<\/em>, (New York: Simon &amp; Schuster Inc., Touchstone Edition, 1995).<\/p>\r\n<p>Works by Bonhoeffer:<\/p>\r\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sanctorum Communio<\/em>\u00a0(The Communion of Saints)<\/p>\r\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Act and Being<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Cost of Discipleship<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Life Together<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ethics<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Letters and Papers from Prison<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gesammelte Schriften<\/em>, 4 vols.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Author Information<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>Douglas Huff\u2028Email:\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:dhuff@gac.edu\">dhuff@gac.edu<\/a>\u2028Gustavus Adolphus College<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><!--:--><p class=\"bawpvc-ajax-counter\" data-id=\"1316\"> (4263)<\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p class=\"pvc_stats all \" data-element-id=\"1316\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"far\" data-icon=\"chart-bar\" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-chart-bar fa-w-16 fa-2x\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M396.8 352h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V108.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v230.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm-192 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V140.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v198.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm96 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V204.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v134.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zM496 400H48V80c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16H16C7.16 64 0 71.16 0 80v336c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h464c8.84 0 16-7.16 16-16v-16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16zm-387.2-48h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8v-70.4c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v70.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8z\" class=\"\"><\/path><\/svg><\/i> &nbsp;10,835&nbsp;total views, &nbsp;3&nbsp;views today<\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"> <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/syrieix.com\/en\/vie-chretienne\/saints\/dietrichbonhoeffer\/\" title=\"Dietrich BonhoefferDietrich Bonhoeffer\"><\/a><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p class=\"pvc_stats all \" data-element-id=\"1316\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"far\" data-icon=\"chart-bar\" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-chart-bar fa-w-16 fa-2x\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M396.8 352h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V108.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v230.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 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